Siste publikasjoner

• Grillini, Federico; de Ferri, Lavinia; Pantos, George Alexis; George, Sony & Veseth, Margunn (2024). Reflectance imaging spectroscopy for the study of archaeological pre-Columbian textiles. Microchemical Journal. ISSN 0026-265X. 200. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2024.110168.
• Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Fugazzotto, Maura; de Ferri, Lavinia; Bertino, Antonella; Andriulo, Fabrizio & Barone, Germana [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Exploitation of IR statistical results as a guidance for the multi-technique study of synthetic and natural iron-based pigments. Microchemical Journal. ISSN 0026-265X. 197. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.109851.
• Kimball, Justin; With, Ruben & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2024). A new and ‘riveting’ method: Micro-CT scanning for the documentation, conservation, and reconstruction of the Gjellestad ship. Journal of Cultural Heritage. ISSN 1296-2074. 66, s. 76–85. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2023.11.003.
• Lukesova, Hana & Kutzke, Hartmut (2023). Understanding of old treatments: Oseberg textile artworks studied from the conservation perspective. I Bridgland, Janet (Red.), Working Towards a Sustainable Past. ICOM-CC 20th Triennial Conference Preprints, Valencia, 18-22 September 2023. International Council of Museums Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC). ISSN 978-84-127545-4-4. Vis sammendrag

  Virtual Reconstruction, Interpretation and Preservation of the Textile Artifacts from the Oseberg Find, UiO

• de Ferri, Lavinia; Campanella, Beatrice; Martignon, Alice; Vallotto, Davide; Tomaini, Benedetta & Legnaioli, Stefano [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Coupling of electron and vibrational spectroscopy with false colour imaging for the investigation of natural dyes in historical fabrics (15th–18th centuries). The European Physical Journal Plus. ISSN 2190-5444. 138(7). doi: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04248-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Engelschiøn, Victoria Sjøholt; Roberts, Aubrey Jane; With, Ruben & Hammer, Øyvind (2023). Exceptional X-Ray contrast: Radiography imaging of a Middle Triassic mixosaurid from Svalbard. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 18(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285939.
• Homer, Laura; Ustvedt, Øystein & Steindal, Calin Constantin (2023). Nightrider, 1972, Victor Lind: Challenges of data gathering. ArtMatters - International Journal For Technical Art History. ISSN 1571-3806. 8(1).
• Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; de Ferri, Lavinia; Xu, Zhuo; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Razavi, Nima [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Structural properties of volcanic precursors-based geopolymers before and after natural weathering. Ceramics International. ISSN 0272-8842. 49, s. 21892–21902. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.04.013.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). The Role of Material Analysis in Shaping the Study of Medieval Art. I Stang, Margrethe Cecilia Molland & Tillery, Laura (Red.), The Medieval Scandinavian Art Reader. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 978-82-304-0298-6. s. 249–272.
• Andersen, Elisabeth & Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Mary and Child Enthroned and Enshrined c. 1100–1350. I Stang, Margrethe Cecilia Molland & Tillery, Laura (Red.), The Medieval Scandinavian Art Reader. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 978-82-304-0298-6. s. 215–235.
• Cutajar, Michelle; Braovac, Susan-Diana; Stockman, Robert A.; Howdle, Steven M. & Harding, Stephen E. (2023). Evaluation of two terpene-derived polymers as consolidants for archaeological wood. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 13(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29785-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sandbakken, Erika; Chan, Emma; Flåte, Ingrid; Kutzke, Hartmut; Puskar, Ljiljana & Sandu, Irina Crina Anca (2022). Powdery pigments from the original materials Collection of Munch: conservation treatment and analytical characterization. International Journal of Conservation Science. ISSN 2067-533X. 13, s. 1681–1690.
• Invernizzi, Claudia; de Ferri, Lavinia; Comite, Valeria; Fermo, Paola; Malagodi, Marco & Pojana, Giulio (2022). Correlation between surface roughness and spectral features in IR-reflection spectroscopy. Microchemical Journal. ISSN 0026-265X. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106874. Vis sammendrag

  Modifications of IR spectral features were reported in the literature when surfaces with diverse morphologies were analysed. In this study, five surfaces at different average roughness (Sa) were created on a massive slice of malachite with the final aim to investigate possible variations of spectral features collected through non-contact infrared reflection spectroscopy. Modifications were investigated as a function of Sa, with five frequency intervals being considered. The spectral acquisition was carried out by two portable spectrometers equipped with specific non-invasive optical heads, operating in External Reflection (ER) and Diffuse Reflection (DR) modes, respectively. A comparison study of the collected spectral profiles is proposed in this work. The analysis of spectra produced by surfaces at different roughness allowed for evaluating the effectiveness of each device in the different spectral ranges. The ER spectra were generally more resolved and cleaner compared to the DR ones. The ER module was able to return spectra whose features - both specular and diffuse - consistently follow the variation of Sa in the investigated spectral ranges. A lack of sensitivity was instead registered when working in DR mode, especially in the frequency intervals where the contribution of the diffuse component dominates the spectra.

• Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Andriulo, Fabrizio; de Ferri, Lavinia; Barone, Germana & Mazzoleni, Paolo (2022). Effect of atmospheric exposure on alkali activated binders and mortars from Mt. Etna volcanic precursors. Materials Letters. ISSN 0167-577X. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131940. Vis sammendrag

  Volcanic pyroclastic residues from Mt. Etna have been recently used to produce alkali activated materials to be employed in the restoration of the ancient buildings of the Etnean area. With the aim of preliminarily testing the durability of these products, binders and mortars have been exposed outdoors for six months. The characterization was achieved by a multi-analytical approach to determine the effect of the weathering; variations were evaluated in terms of composition, mechanical properties, dynamic vapour sorption, and visual aspect before and after exposure. The results show that both alkali activated binders and mortars are barely affected by atmospheric exposure.

• Cutajar, Michelle; Machado, Fabricio; Crucitti, Valentina Cuzzucoli; Braovac, Susan-Diana; Stockman, Robert A. & Howdle, Steven M. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Comparative hydrodynamic characterisation of two hydroxylated polymers based on α-pinene- or oleic acid-derived monomers for potential use as archaeological consolidants. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21027-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andriulo, Fabrizio; Vespignani, L.; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Bortolini, M. & de Ferri, Lavinia (2022). Evaluation of sol-gel hybrid nanocomposites for dry medieval wood. Journal of Cultural Heritage. ISSN 1296-2074. 56, s. 96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.06.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Viking Age archaeological wooden objects from the Oseberg find have undergone extensive chemical de- terioration due to the original conservation treatment, based on alum salts (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O), done in the early 1900s. Today, the artefacts are highly acidic (pH ≤2), fragile and the wood has almost completely lost its structural integrity. This study is part of a wider research project on conservation methods for these finds, currently underway. Multi-functional organic/inorganic hybrid systems, engineered to deacidify and consolidate alum- treated wood in a single step, have been studied. These products, made of a polysiloxanes’ network and nanostructured Ca(OH) 2 , have given promising results in terms of penetration, deacidification, consolida- tion and maintenance of the wood properties. This work provides a comparison between two hybrid systems having in common a backbone of poly(dimethylsiloxane) hydroxy–terminated (PDMS-OH) and alkaline nanoparticles (NPs) (as deacidify- ing agent), along with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) applied to fresh and archaeological wood, respectively. Colour, pH, dimensions, SEM-EDS and ultrasonic velocity measurements, in addition to hardness tests, were collected on the treated mock-ups to investigate the outcomes of the two systems in terms of conservation efficacy. FTIR-ATR and DVS have also been carried out for systems characterization. From the analysis performed, the most promising hybrid system seems to be the one prepared with MTES as structural polymer. In addition, it has been highlighted the requirement of a method for sol application other than immersion when objects are already treated with resins.

• Nyland, Astrid Johanne; Gebremariam, Kidane Fanta & With, Ruben (2022). Challenging an old theory : Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyses of greenstone adzes in Rogaland, southwestern Norway . I Olsen, Dag Erik Færø (Red.), The Stone Age Conference in Bergen 2017. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 978-82-8436-002-7. s. 89–104. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cutajar, Michelle; Stockman, Robert A.; Braovac, Susan-Diana; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Zisi, Angeliki & Harding, Stephen Ernest (2022). Comparative Hydrodynamic Study on Non-Aqueous Soluble Archaeological Wood Consolidants: Butvar B-98 and PDMS-OH Siloxanes. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 27(7). doi: 10.3390/molecules27072133. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marchetto, Davide; de Ferri, Lavinia; Latella, Aurelio & Pojana, Giulio (2022). Micro- and mesoplastics in sea surface water from a Northern Adriatic coastal area. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. ISSN 0944-1344. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17874-9. Vis sammendrag

  The presence of microplastics in the sea is a global issue widely studied and discussed in the last years. The whole marine ecosystem is now considered at high risk because of their presence and abundance in every studied environment all over the world because polymeric materials commonly constitute the main raw materials in contemporary industrial production. The presented study reports the results obtained from surface seawater monitoring of two sampling transects in the coastal area close to the Venice Lagoon (Italy) inlet, investigated in order to get new information about the presence and relevance of plastic pollution. Plastic particles collected by means of a manta net (0.3-mm mesh size) have been characterized in detail by utilizing a multi-technique approach in order to discriminate them by typology, dimension, colour, spatial density and chemical composition. Such information permitted the individuation of subgroups (specific groups) of plastic micro-debris in this Northern Adriatic area.

• Zisi, Angeliki (2021). Forest wood through the eyes of a cultural conservator. Forests. ISSN 1999-4907. 12(8), s. 1–23. doi: 10.3390/f12081001.
• Ekengren, Fredrik; Callieri, Marco; DIninno, Domenica; Berggren, Åsa; MacHeridis, Stella & Dell'Unto, Nicoló (2021). Dynamic Collections: A 3D Web Infrastructure for Artifact Engagement. Open Archaeology. ISSN 2300-6560. 7(1), s. 337–352. doi: 10.1515/opar-2020-0139.
• Harding, Stephen Ernest (2021). Analytical ultracentrifugation as a matrix-free probe for the study of kinase related cellular and bacterial membrane proteins and glycans. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 26(19). doi: 10.3390/molecules26196080.
• Taylor, James & Dell'Unto, Nicoló (2021). Skeuomorphism in Digital Archeological Practice: A Barrier to Progress, or a Vital Cog in the Wheels of Change? Open Archaeology. ISSN 2300-6560. 7(1), s. 482–498. doi: 10.1515/opar-2020-0145.
• Hansen, Birgit Wilster; Mannes, David; Holmqvist, Karen Langsholt; Ødeby, Kristine & Kutzke, Hartmut (2021). Virtual unwrapping of the Bispegata amulet, a multiple folded medieval amulet, by using neutron tomography. Archaeometry. ISSN 0003-813X. s. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12734. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cutajar, Michelle; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Thomsett, Megan R.; Moore, Jonathan C.; Couturaud, Benoit & Howdle, Steven M. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Terpene polyacrylate TPA5 shows favorable molecular hydrodynamic properties as a potential bioinspired archaeological wood consolidant. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86543-1.
• Longoni, Margherita; Zalaffi, Maria Sole; de Ferri, Lavinia; Stortini, Angela Maria; Pojana, Giulio & Ugo, Paolo (2021). Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy With Electrodeposited Copper Ultramicro-Wires With/Without Silver Nanostars Decoration . Nanomaterials. ISSN 2079-4991. 11(2), s. 1–17. doi: 10.3390/nano11020518. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The electrochemical preparation of arrays of copper ultramicro-wires (CuUWs) by using porous membranes as templates is critically revisited, with the goal of obtaining cheap but efficient substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The role of the materials used for the electrodeposition is examined, comparing membranes of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) vs. track-etched polycarbonate (PC) as well as copper vs. glassy carbon (GC) as electrode material. A voltammetric study performed on bare electrodes and potentiostatic tests on membrane coated electrodes allowed the optimization of the deposition parameters. The final arrays of CuUWs were obtained by chemical etching of the template, with NaOH for AAO and CH2Cl2 for PC. After total etching of the template, SERS spectra were recorded on CuUWs using benzenthiol as SERS probe with known spectral features. The CuUW substrates displayed good SERS properties, providing enhancement factor in the 103–104 range. Finally, it was demonstrated that higher Raman enhancement can be achieved when CuUWs are decorated with silver nanostars, supporting the formation of SERS active hot-spots at the bimetallic interface.

• Lucejko, Jeannette Jacqueline; de LaMotte, Anne; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Kutzke, Hartmut; Harding, Stephen Ernest & Phillips-Jones, Mary K [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Evaluation of Soda Lignin from Wheat Straw/Sarkanda Grass as a Potential Future Consolidant for Archaeological Wood. Forests. ISSN 1999-4907. 12(7). doi: 10.3390/f12070911. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lucejko, Jeannette Jacqueline; McQueen, Caitlin; Sahlstedt, Malin; Modugno, Francesca; Colombini, Maria Perla & Braovac, Susan (2021). Comparative chemical investigations of alum treated archaeological wood from various museum collections. Heritage Science. ISSN 2050-7445. 9(1). doi: 10.1186/s40494-021-00517-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gullbekk, Svein Harald; Kilger, Christoph; Kristensen, Steinar & Roland, Håkon (2021). Money and Religious Devotion in Medieval Northern Europe. I Gullbekk, Svein Harald; Kilger, Christoph; Kristensen, Steinar & Roland, Håkon (Red.), Coins in Churches Archaeology, Money and Religious Devotion in Medieval Northern Europe. Routledge. ISSN 9780367557065. s. 3–28. Vis sammendrag

  This book focuses on the formative period of Church reform in the Middle Ages in Northern Europe, when the Church paved the way for the development of money economy on its own doorstep. Church archaeology provides evidence for patterns of monetary use related to liturgy, church architecture and devotional culture through the centuries. This volume encompasses Alpine European evidence, with emphasis on Gotland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland, which opens up a new field of research on religion and money for an international audience. Based on 100,000 single finds of coins from the 11th to 18th centuries from 650 Scandinavian churches, the volume offers an in-depth discussion of the concepts of ritual, liturgy and devotional uses of money, monetary space and spiritual economy within the framework of Christendom, the medieval church and church architecture. Written by international scholars, Coins in Churches will be a valuable resource for readers interested in the history of religion, money, the economy, and church architecture in Northern Europe in the Middle Ages.

• Corradini, Martina; De Ferri, Lavinia & Pojana, Giulio (2021). Fiber Optic Reflection Spectroscopy–Near-Infrared Characterization Study of Dry Pigments for Pictorial Retouching. Applied Spectroscopy. ISSN 0003-7028. 75(4), s. 445–461. doi: 10.1177/0003702820957641. Vis sammendrag

  A deep comprehension of composition of pigments employed nowadays in the field of pictorial retouch is considered essential for a deeper knowledge of their behavior with time once applied on artifacts. A commercially available set consisting of 27 pigments employed for the conservation of both historical and contemporary artworks has been characterized through Reflectance Spectroscopy in the VIS and NIR spectral range. The pigments included in the investigated set are classified into four categories: (i) dyes and colors from plants,(ii) modern pigments, (iii) pigments of own production and historical pigments, and (iv) natural earths. Recorded spectra were interpreted with the aim to detect existing coloring and filling phases and obtained results were compared with available datasheets: some inconsistencies were found, as well as lack of some compounds among the reported ones. Attributions were found for many features ,even if in some cases detailed information for a comparison was not found in the literature,especially regarding NIR spectra. The proposed paper aims to provide a useful tool for the study of real artworks with a detailed overview of material characteristics in the visible and near infrared spectral range.

Sjå alle arbeida i Cristin

• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2024). The Physical and Digital realities and their Interaction when Reconstructing the Polychrome Middle Ages .
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2024). Are we sure? Written sources on artistic materials and the phenomenon of ghost pigments.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2024). Chemiegeschichte trifft Kunsttechnologie: Das Phänomen der 'Geisterpigmente'.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2024). Tiny samples - huge machines: application of synchrotron and neutron radiation in heritage science.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2024). Den fargerike middelalderen sett gjennom samtidens optikk.
• Gigilashvili, Davit; George, Sony; Lukesova, Hana; Havgar, Margrethe; Vedeler, Marianne & Kutzke, Hartmut (2024). A Puzzling Problem of the Viking Age Tapestry.
• Chirakkal, Aljasil; Wright, David K; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Jonathan Birk, Jago; Kurbanov, Redzhep & Buylaert, Jan-Pieter (2024). Climate, fire, and vegetation history from loess-palaeosol sequences in Southern Tajikistan, Central Asia during early Palaeolithic: Reconstruction using organic biomarkers and stable isotopes.
• Solheim, Linn Kristin & Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Åltaket revidert. Historikk, tilstand, materialitet og visuell kommunikasjon.
• Solheim, Linn Kristin & Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Åltaket revidert. Historikk, tilstand, materialitet og visuell kommunikasjon. .
• Wenn, Camilla Cecilie & With, Ruben (2023). Gjellestadskipet – bakgrunn, utgravning, dokumentasjon og status.
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Dell'Unto, Nicoló; Callieri, Marco; Pantos, George Alexis & Bonelli, Letizia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Converging and diverging vacobularies - a constant strive for national agreement .
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2023). 150 or 190 years of research on polymorphism in organic crystals - a reflection on an almost forgotten anniversary. .
• Kutzke, Hartmut & Puskar, Ljiljana (2023). Synchrotron-based studies on pigments from artists' legacies in the far-infrared region.
• Cutajar, Jan Dariusz; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Joseph, Edith; Caruso, Francesco; Hardeberg, Jon Yngve & Frøysaker, Tine (2023). Spectral- and image-based documentation metrics for the evaluation of conservation cleaning treatments. Archiving Conference. ISSN 2161-8798.
• Platania, Elena; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Kaun, Susanne (2023). New understanding of the 16th and 17th century murals in Enebakk Church in Norway: An interdisciplinary and multi-analytical approach.
• Platania, Elena; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Garrappa, Silvia; Olstad, Tone & Spaarschuh, Christina (2023). Multi-analytical investigation of the glass-based pigment of the Kinn altarpiece (Norway) .
• Stoveland, Lena Porsmo; Ørnhøi, Anne Apalnes; Mengshoel, Gerd Karen; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Frøysaker, Tine (2023). Different contexts, common challenges: Conservation of a distemper wall painting (1690) by Henning S. Munch in Vågå Church, Norway.
• Lukesova, Hana & Kutzke, Hartmut (2023). Understanding of old treatments: Oseberg textile artworks studied from the conservation perspective. Vis sammendrag

  Virtual Reconstruction, Interpretation and Preservation of the Textile Artifacts from the Oseberg Find, UiO

• Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; de Ferri, Lavinia; Xu, Zhuo; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Razavi, Nima [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Strength and durability studies on Mt. Etna volcanic precursors-based geopolymers. Vis sammendrag

  In recent years, volcanic pyroclastic residues from Mt. Etna (ash and paleosoil named “ghiara”) have been widely employed as feedstocks in the alkali activation process [1, 2]. In the optic of building and restoration applications, strength and durability of volcanic ash and ghiara-based geopolymer (binders and mortars) have been investigated in terms of structure degradation, efflorescences development and water moisture transfer after being exposed to natural weathering [2]. Ultrasound Pulse Velocity, specific weight, Brazilian Disk and Digital Image Correlation together with Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques have been used in order to understand the structural properties of geopolymers before and after the atmospheric exposure. In addition, DVS results of pure salts, (i.e. sulphates and carbonates) which can often occur as efflorescence, were compared to the results obtained on geopolymers. Overall, by comparing the results obtained on unexposed and exposed samples, it was found that volcanic ash-based geopolymers have shown a better reaction to weathering in the hot summer Mediterranean climate zone.

• legnaioli, stefano; de Ferri, Lavinia & Caggiani, Maria Cristina (2023). SERS analysis of dyes: a comparative analysis of substrates and excitation wavelenghts. Vis sammendrag

  In this work we explored the possibilities offered by a multi-laser Raman system to study the enhancement performances of three types of silver nanoparticles when analysing natural dyes commonly found in historical textiles. Nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation (NP1) and according to the Lee and Meisel procedure (NP2), while silver nanostars through the García-Leis et al. synthesis procedure (NS). Nanostructures dimensions were verified by means of UV-VIS spectroscopy. A set of 7 standard dyes (alizarin, purpurin, carminic acid, indigotin, luteolin, quercetin hydrate, and gallic acid) was analysed using 5 excitation wavelengths: 488, 514, 632, 785 and 1064 nm. Raman spectra were collected on dry powders, as well as on solutions (concentrations between 10-3 and 10-4 M) in water, 2-propanol and acetone. To collect SERS spectra using NP1 and 2 as substrates, 1μl of each solution was mixed to 5μl of colloid and to 1 μl of NaCl 0.5 M as aggregating agent. When NS were used, 10μl of each solution were mixed to 1 μl of colloid. In both cases, the analysis was performed on 1μl drops before the complete evaporation of the solvents. The Raman spectra of dry pigments showed the activation/disappearance of vibrational modes depending on the laser wavelength, while a slight enhancement of the signal was observed for solutions deposited on aluminium foil. The effect was particularly evident for λ = 488, 785 and 1064 nm. However, the Raman features of most of the dyes resulted unreadable, except for purpurin, indigotin and gallic acid that always showed a good signal to noise ratio. This made such molecules not useful to study the coupled effect of substrates and excitation wavelengths. SERS spectra showed a good enhancement of the Raman signal when NS were used with all the available laser sources. Indeed, the best results were obtained at 785 and 633 nm. In parallel, both NP1 and NP2 behaved particularly well when coupled to the 514 and 633 lasers. In addition, the characteristic peaks of dyes have undergone shifts from their original positions depending on both the excitation source and the substrate. The first part of the study allowed determining the best conditions to analyse samples taken from pre-Columbian textile fragments conserved the Museum of Cultural History. The documentation does not report any dating or place of provenance, but based on the style it is possible to attribute 4 of them to the Paracas Necropolis culture (200 BC-100 AD), and one to the Middle Horizon one (500-900 AD). Samples were taken mostly from the back side of the fragments and SERS measurements were carried out both directly on the threads and on the extract obtained from ca. 1 mg of material immerged in 200 μl of a solution of oxalic acid 0.5M, methanol, acetone and water (1.30:40:40 v/v/v/v). The Eppendorf was sonicated for 30 min at 60°C. After extraction, the same procedure used for the analysis of the standard solution was applied, using NP2 and NS as substrates coupled to the 514 and 785 lasers, respectively. The best results were always obtained for the extracts. In general, the study allowed the recognition of purpurin, pseudopurpurin and laccaic acid in the red and orange samples, and of indigotin and quercetin in a turquoise thread.

• Bortolini, Mara; de Ferri, Lavinia; Ghezzo, Elena & Battistel, Dario (2023). Preventive spectroscopic characterization of charcoal particles from Cave A of Veja (VR, Italy). Vis sammendrag

  The presence of large amounts of charred biomass particles in soils and sediments has been used as an indirect indication of human occupation [1]. Moreover, the structural properties of charcoal can inform about the burning conditions that produced those particles, the intensity of palaeowildfires, and the type of biomass precursor [2]–[5]. In fact, it has been reported that the degree of amorphous/crystalline structure of burned biomass fragments studied through spectroscopic (Raman, FTIR) and diffractometric analysis (XRD) can be clarifying about the degree of aging of the charred particles [6]–[8]. This contribution regards Raman and FTIR-ATR analysis performed on charcoals obtained from samples coming from 3 layers of the bottom wall of the Cave A of Veja, a karst cave, located in the Lessini Mountains in the province of Verona (Italy), in the Central Southern Alps. From the bottom part of the sequence, a charred particle was radiocarbon dated and returned an age of 10,800 ± 30 BP (uncal BP). Cave A is part of a series of caves that together with the natural arch of Ponte di Veja, was frequented by humans since the early Middle Palaeolithic (300-30 ka) [9], [10]. In addition, some freshly prepared burned fragments of birch and pine wood were studied in order to compare the results with those obtained from the actual archaeological samples. Samples were prepared weighing aliquots of 0.5 g of crumbled wood and fired in closed ceramic crucibles at different temperatures. Specifically, wood samples were fired following the thermal ramp resumed in Table 1. Spectral data were deconvoluted to extract the parameters used for the elaborations aimed at link the collected profile to the original firing temperature and /or to the age of the charred particles. Both the spectroscopic and diffraction patterns of the freshly prepared charred particles evidenced structural changes with increasing the burning temperature. The “natural” samples collected at Veja-Cave A present significant differences from the prepared samples, while they resulted quite homogeneous among them. This may indicate that degradation/aging phenomena acted on the structure of charcoal, modifying it in terms of amorphous-crystalline fractions. On the other hand, the oxidizing conditions used during the firing experiments did not allow for collecting charred particles when working at temperatures higher than 500°C. The study intended to compare information obtainable with different analytical techniques on archaeological and freshly produced charcoal samples. The results showed the importance of investigating in detail the structural characteristics displayed by the material when fired at different temperatures and conditions. On the other hand, archaeological samples have an intrinsic complexity due to their simultaneous expositions to several factors such as the production at different firing conditions, the age, the soil characteristics. Consequently, interpretation of the analytical results is not always straightforward, and the utilization of multiple techniques becomes fundamental

• Portale, Silvia; de Ferri, Lavinia; Felter, Margrethe; Zisi, Angeliki; Barone, Germana & Mazzoleni, Paolo (2023). New geo-resources for the conservation of Cultural Heritage: feasibility study on the application of sawing sludges-based Alkali Activated Materials. Vis sammendrag

  In this work we present for the first time a feasibility study on the application of Alkali Activated Materials (AAMs) synthesized recycling sawing sludges as precursors, for Cultural Heritage restoration and conservation purposes. AAMs are inorganic polymeric materials originated by the dissolution of aluminosilicate powdered components in alkaline solutions and the consequent condensation of the resulting pastes in a solid 3D network (Davidovits, 1991). AAMs have a lower environmental impact than traditional restoration and conservation products : they offer the possibility of recycling wastes, preventing the exploitations of new raw materials, thus promoting the circular economy (Barone et al., 2021; Portale et al., 2023). Moreover, their synthesis takes place at room temperature and without any pre-treatment of the precursors; in this way, production costs, thermal energy demand and, therefore, CO2 emissions are lowered (Turner and Collins, 2013). The waste materials chosen for this study are sawing sludges (SS), which are composed by powders deriving from rock cutting and polishing processes mixed together with water used for cooling down the sawing tools. SS are the most abundant products resulting from the stone processing industry: they amount up to 41% over the total processed rocks (Montani, 2021). The disposal of this waste is regulated by EWC 010413 in Europe and by D.lgs. n. 156/06 in Italy. Nevertheless, disposing means deprivation of a future for these potential geo-resources and thus, their reuse has become an interesting challenge in the view of circular economy. The presented work focuses on the characterization studies carried out on both SS and SS-based AAMs to investigate their chemical, mineralogical, microstructural and physical-mechanical features by means of analytical techniques such as XRF, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, uniaxial compressive and bending tests, colorimetry and so on. An Oddy test has been also run to access the performances of the pastes when in contact with the ceramic bodies. In addition, the research presents the preliminary results of the SS-based AAMs application for the conservation of archaeological pottery. Selected compositions were used as fillers on no-value ceramic pots in order to simulate the potential behaviour on real artifacts. The physical properties of the pastes as well as their interaction with the ceramic bodies, were monitored over time from the moment of the application up to a month after by assigning a mark from one (very bad) to five (very good) to features like ease of mixing and application, stickability, working time, contamination of ceramic, reversibility, flexibility and many more.

• Grillini, Federico; de Ferri, Lavinia; Pantos, George Alexis & George, Sony (2023). Non-invasive study of pre-Columbian textiles combining Multi and Hyperspectral imaging.
• de Ferri, Lavinia; campanella, beatrice; Vallotto, Davide; Martignon, Alice; Legnaioli, Stefano & Tomaini, Benedetta [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Application of spectroscopic and imaging techniques for the study of historical natural dyes. Vis sammendrag

  The Michelangelo Guggenheim’s textile collection has been studied using a multi analytical approach. Specifically, False color imaging, Fiber Optics reflectance spectroscopy (VIS range) and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy were used to identify the dyestuff in the perspective of checking their compatibility with both declared historical period and the origin. Most of them are dated to the XVI century, while the stylistic analysis together with the technical characteristics traced them back to an Italian manufacture. The cross checking of spectroscopic data allowed to confirm most of the results acquired in a previous non-invasive investigation. However, new data obtained in micro-invasive mode resulted fundamental to understand the complexity characterizing some of the sampled threads. In many cases colors were obtained by mixing several dyes: all the presented methodologies have well known limitations but they often compensate each other allowing for the identification of different components co-existing in the same sample. In particular, in FORS, absorption bands of natural dyes are often broad, tend to overlap or to generate new structures; in parallel, SERS if often blind to some dyes, especially when mixtures involve components with very different cross sections. Finally, in FCI colours deriving from the contemporary presence of several compounds can interfere creating new shades difficult to interpret. Raman spectra of the Guggenheim collection mainly showed cochineal in red-based artefacts and indigo in blue ones. Additionally, other interesting dyes such as orcein or annatto were identified in many samples. At the same way, VISRS spectral profiles were affected by indigotin on green textile fragments, on which SERS gave information about the yellow dye. However, yellow dyes are particularly challenging and despite the application of a multi-technique approach, in some of the fragments it was not possible to recognize any specific compound. In some cases, equivalent results were obtained for the three tested techniques, while in others more complex situations emerged, showing the utilization of mixture instead of single dyes as previously assumed based on pure non-invasive results. This highlights the importance of utilizing a set of complementary analytical techniques when approaching historical textiles. FCI can also be a very interesting technique to obtain preliminary non-invasive data, but the study highlighted the need for the creation of a complete database of historical dyes employed with different dyeing procedures, substrates, mordants, and as mixtures with different proportions.

• Kollandsrud, Kaja & Solheim, Linn Kristin (2023). A New Look at the Thirteenth Century Painted Vault from Ål Stave Church - it Nature and Future Care.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). The Characteristics of the Distemper Painted Barrel Vault from the Late Thirteenth Century Choir of the Lost Stave Church from Ål, Norway.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Kristusfigur fra Lunder, Arv - vår plass i historien. Kulturhistorisk museum. ISSN 978-82-8084-216-9. s. 200–201.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Maria med Kristusbarnet fra Hovland, Stavkirke i Eggedal, Viken, Arv - vår plass i historien. Kulturhistorisk museum. ISSN 978-82-8084-216-9. s. 172–173.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2023). Kirkemodell fra et tapt helgenskrin fra Reinli, Oppland, Arv - vår plass i historien. Kulturhistorisk museum. ISSN 978-82-8084-216-9. s. 176–177.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2023). Learning from nature: developing bio-inspired and biomimetic materials as a new generation of materials for preservation of cultural heritage – keynote lecture.
• Kutzke, Hartmut & Bjørnland, Lasse Hermansen (2023). History of Chemistry Meets Art History and Heritage Science: A Project on the Royal Cobalt Works (Blaafarveværket), Modum, Norway.
• Polanska, Weronika Patrycja; de Ferri, Lavinia; Austvoll, Knut Ivar & Steindal, Calin Constantin (2023). A multi-method approach to Bronze Age ceramics from Hunn, Eastern Norway. Vis sammendrag

  Located in Eastern Norway, Hunn is a site with a rich archaeological landscape that includes Bronze Age burial mounds and metal workshops. One of the workshops contained a large number of ceramics dating back to the Nordic Bronze Age Period III–IV (1300-900 BCE). Ten ceramic fragments were chosen for a multi-technique analytical study aiming to investigate their production technology and possible provenance. In addition to optical and scanning electron microscope, observations carried out on thin section, handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), Fourier Transferred Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in ATR mode and X ray diffraction were applied. The analyses were intended to determine whether the ceramic sherds from Eastern Norway were imported from the continent as previously hypothesized. The comparison with data obtained on three clay samples from locations in Norway, Germany and Poland indicate that the analyzed pottery samples were of local origin, as the chemical and mineral analyses confirmed the use of a local clay. At the same time, the tempering material consists primarily of locally available granitic rock. However, thin-section petrography revealed the occurrence of chamotte previously found in contemporary ceramics from Swedish sites [1]. The ceramic traditions in Eastern Norway share similarities with Southern and Central Swedish finds, especially when it comes to rusticated ceramics and tableware [2]. There has been as well previous associations between the Nordic Bronze Age pottery types and the Lusatian Culture in Poland (1300-400 BCE) [3]. However, a link between ceramics in Norway and Northern Central Europe has never been explored before [4]. [1] T. Eriksson, Grog tempering during Scandinavian Bronze Age, Naturwissenschaftliche Analysen vor-und fr Grog tempering during Scandinavian Bronze Age. Naturwissenschaftliche Analysen vor-und frügeschichtlicher Keramik III.: Anwendungsbereiche, Auswertungsmöglichkeiten, 2013, 331-351. [2] H.M, Hop Wendelbo, Keramikk fra norske bronsealdergraver: En studie av morfologi, kronologi, forbindelser og deponeringspraksiser i tidsrommet 1700-500 f. Kr., 2020 [3] T. Eriksson, Kärl och social gestik: keramik i Mälardalen 1500 BC-400 AD, Uppsala universitet/Riksantikvarieämbetet, 2009 [4] W. P. Polańska et al. in prep - A multi-method approach to Bronze Age ceramics from Hunn, Eastern Norway

• Polanska, Weronika Patrycja; de Ferri, Lavinia; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Austvoll, Knut Ivar (2023). Preliminary investigation of the production technology of Norwegian Bronze Age ceramics. Vis sammendrag

  Archaeological ceramics are among the most studied artifact categories since they can refer to both social and economic traditions of past communities. Investigations usually point at determining the production technology and special attention has been given to the firing conditions. This poster presents the intricate knowledge system of pottery production occurring in Norway in the Bronze Age (1300–900 BCE). To this aim, aliquots of clays sampled in Norway, Germany and Poland were fired in an electric furnace at 500, 550, 600, 700, 800 and 900℃ and successively analyzed by colorimetry, XRD and FTIR-ATR to determine modifications in term of structure and mineralogical composition. Temperatures were chosen based on pre-existing knowledge of ceramic technology in the geographical region of interest in that period [1]. Results were compared with those obtained on a set of ten ceramic fragments dated to the Bronze Age at the site of Hunn in Eastern Norway. The aim was to estimate the temperature used in the production of these prehistoric ceramics exhibiting typological similarities with contemporary finds from Southern and Central Sweden as well as Northern Poland [2]. Due to the abundance of the thermally stable grain minerals such as quartz and feldspar, the study of the clayish fraction through XRD resulted particularly hostile, while FTIR-ATR confirmed its usefulness in investigating ceramics and ceramic-related materials. A progressive modification of the color of the fired material, turning towards a reddish hue, was due to the gradual formation of iron oxide (Fe2O3), starting from 700 ℃. In parallel, carbonates decompose and weak features due to CaO appeared. In addition, small amounts of chlorite, a phase decomposing at 600–650 ℃, were found through the petrographic analysis of some archaeological sherds highlighted, . However, its structural similarity with other clay minerals and the abundence of silicate phases, made the identification of chlorite by XRD and FTIR not possible in the fired clays. Despite this, the experiment helped to strengthen the hypothesis about the technological correspondence of similar ceramics in Eastern Norway and Western Pomerania in the Bronze Age, as the results seem to indicate that the Bronze Age ceramics were fired at a temperature not higher than 700 ℃, more probably ranging between 600 and 650 ℃. [1] H.M. Hop Wendelbo, Keramikk fra norske bronsealdergraver: En studie av morfologi, kronologi, forbindelser og deponeringspraksiser i tidsrommet 1700-500 f. Kr., 2020 [2] T. Eriksson, Kärl och social gestik: keramik i Mälardalen 1500 BC-400 AD, Uppsala universitet/ Riksantikvarieämbetet, 2000

• Kutzke, Hartmut (2023). History of Chemistry meets Heritage Science.
• Solheim, Linn Kristin & Kollandsrud, Kaja (2022). Linn Kristin Solheim og Kaja Kollandsrud: Åltaket revidert: Historikk, tilstand, materialitet og visuell kommunikasjon.
• Kutzke, Hartmut; Puskar, Ljiljana & Sandu, Irina Crina Anca (2022). A Study in Violet.
• Sandbakken, Erika; Chan, Emma; Kutzke, Hartmut; Puskar, Ljiljana & Sandu, Irina Crina Anca (2022). Powdery pigments from original materials collection of munch: conservation treatment and analytical characterization .
• Puskar, Ljiljana; Flåte, Ingrid; Sandu, Irina Crina Anca & Kutzke, Hartmut (2022). Studies on artists´ materials using far-infrared spectroscopy .
• Puskar, Ljiljana; Kutzke, Hartmut; Sandu, Irina Crina Anca; Flåte, Ingrid; Veber, Alexander & Schade, Ulrich (2022). Cultural heritage studies at the IRIS beamline with focus on far infrared investigations of original artists materials.
• Cutajar, Jan Dariusz; Joseph, Edith; Hardeberg, Jon Yngve; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Frøysaker, Tine (2022). Spectral imaging for cleaning paintings. Mapping soiling removal by rigid agar gel spray from unvarnished oil paint mock-ups of Munch's monumental Aula paintings.
• Cutajar, Jan Dariusz; joseph, edith; Hardeberg, Jon Yngve; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Frøysaker, Tine (2022). Cleaning unvarnished oil paint mock-ups. Spectral imaging maps for assessing soiling removal.
• Kutzke, Hartmut; Lukesova, Hana & Vedeler, Marianne (2022). TexRec – a project on studying and virtually reconstructing the Viking-age Oseberg tapestries .
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2022). Kann man Transzendenz anfassen? Natürliche Objekte als Brücke zur immateriellen Welt und als Modelle zur Welterklärung im Mittelalter.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2022). Virtual unwrapping of folded lead amulets by using neutron tomography.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2022). Edelsteinimitationen in der alchemistischen Literatur.
• Andriulo, Fabrizio; Vespignani, Laura; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Bortolini, Mara & de Ferri, Lavinia (2022). Evaluation of sol-gel hybrid nanocomposites for dry medieval wood.
• Caggiani, Maria Cristina; de Ferri, Lavinia; Andriulo, Fabrizio; bertino, antonella; Fugazzotto, Maura & Barone, Germana [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Investigation of iron oxides pigments from the UNESCO World Heritage site of Røros (Norway) conservation works.
• Freeman, Ashley Amanda; de Ferri, Lavinia; Mazurek, Joy & Andriulo, Fabrizio (2022). Multi-Analytical Characterization study of Decorative Wall Paintings in the Eidsborg and Heddal Stave Churches (Norway).
• campanella, beatrice; de Ferri, Lavinia; legnaioli, stefano; Vallotto, Davide; Martignon, Alice & Tomaini, Benedetta [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). A multitechnique study of historical natural dyes.
• de Ferri, Lavinia; Grillini, Federico; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; George, Sony; Pantos, George Alexis & legnaioli, stefano [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging for the study of archaeological pre-Columbian textiles.
• Invernizzi, Claudia; de Ferri, Lavinia; Comite, Valeria; Fermo, Paola; Malagodi, Marco & Pojana, Giulio (2022). Correlation Between Surface Roughness and Spectral Features in Ir-Reflection Spectroscopy.
• Nenova, Denitsa; Bruseker, George; Derudas, Paola; Hiebel, Gerald; Hivert, Florian & Katsianis, Markos [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). BRINGING EXCAVATION DATA TOGETHER. ARE WE THERE YET AND WHERE IS THAT?
• Uleberg, Espen; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Dell’Unto, Nicolo; Callieri, Marco; Matsumoto, Mieko & Bonelli, Letizia [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). CREATING FAIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN NORWAY.
• Steindal, Calin Constantin & Braovac, Susan-Diana (2022). The degradation of conserved archaeological wood in the presence of pyrite - An analytical protocol. Vis sammendrag

  The StAr Project (Development of Storage and assessment methods suited for organic archaeological artefacts) within the framework of Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage and Global Change (JPI-CH) Conservation, Protection and Use, seeks to establish an analytical assessment protocol suited for museums, using well-established analytical techniques to observe the extent of degradation of archaeological wood containing unstable inorganic compounds. The assessment of the post-treatment condition of conserved archaeological wooden artefacts would allow identification of early stages of degradation, leading to earlier and more cost effective mitigation measures to be applied. The role of pyrite oxidation in the degradation of archaeological collections is well documented. In the presence of oxygen, pyrite oxidizes producing sulphuric acid and hydrates of iron(II) sulphate. Sulphuric acid causes extensive depolymerisation of cellulose and hemicellulose, reducing mechanical strength, while the iron(II) sulphate adsorbs water from the atmosphere, further enhancing oxidation. Additionally, the high amounts of iron(II) and iron(III) ions also degrade polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is often used as a conservation agent to support the wood cells before drying. This paper presents our methodological efforts in analyzing wood samples from several objects and excavation sites, treated by different conservation treatments, both standard and newer (PEG, and the polyester-based ‘Nucléart’, respectively). Combining powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), infrared spectroscopy and pH measurements, we sought to elucidate the state of pyrite oxidation and wood degradation. XRD patterns revealed the presence of complex inorganic mixtures, often dominated by the presence of gypsum, and iron sulphate in different oxidation and hydration states along with unoxidized pyrite. Moreover, IR spectra of wood revealed degradation of the holocellulose fraction, while lignin appears less affected. Key words: Archaeological wood, pyrite, oxidation, sulphate, degradation

• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2022). Betraktninger rundt våre møter med middelalderkunsten.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2022). Middelalderkunst og samarbeid med kirkesogn i Norge.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2022). Madonna fra Hove: Hvem er hun og hva kan hun fortelle?
• Bertolin, Chiara; de Ferri, Lavinia & Olstad, Tone Marie (2021). Monitoring of indoor environmental conditions of the Kvernes (Norway) stave church.
• Bertolin, Chiara; Strojecki, Marcin; de Ferri, Lavinia & grottesi, giulia (2021). Salt contamination of wooden materials: the case of Trondheim (Norway) warehouses.
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Dell'Unto, Nicoló & Bonelli, Letizia [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Norwegian Unimus, Nordic Collections, and ARIADNEplus. Encouraging use and re-use of Collections, Excavation Documentation, and Museum Exhibits.
• Kutzke, Hartmut; Puskar, Ljiljana; Flåte, Ingrid; Schade, Ulrich & Sandu, Irina Crina Anca (2021). Studying historical pigments by synchrotron far-infrared spectroscopy: new insights, limitations, and prospects.
• Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Andriulo, Fabrizio; de Ferri, Lavinia; Barone, Germana & Mazzoleni, Paolo (2021). Effect of atmospheric exposure on alkali activated binders and mortars from Mt. Etna volcanic precursors.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2021). The Visual Vocabulary of Medieval Polychrome Sculpture discussed in the Christian Context of the 12th and 13th Centuries.
• Kutzke, Hartmut (2021). The TexRec project.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2021). The holy animated through light embodied in medieval church art.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2021). Middelalderens malte kirkekunst: Hva kan den fortelle?
• Puskar, Ljiljana; Sandu, Irina Crina Anca; Schade, Ulrich & Kutzke, Hartmut (2021). Pigments from the legacy of Arnold Boecklin and Edvard Munch studied by synchrotron far-infrared spectroscopy.
• Kutzke, Hartmut; Holmqvist, Karen Langsholt & Mauren, Arnfinn (2021). Ny teknologi avslørte innholdet på amulett: Det høres litt magisk ut. [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Kollandsrud, Kaja (2021). The Visual Vocabulary of Medieval Polychromy in a Christian Context.
• Taylor, Stephen; Gasper, Giles E.M.; Smithson, Hannah E.; Uchacz, Tianna; McLeish, Tom & Kollandsrud, Kaja [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Cultural Heritage 360: A report for the AHRC Programme: Where Next? Scoping Future Arts and Humanities Led Research. UKRI Arts and Humanities Council.

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