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Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik
(2023).
Arkeologiske spor i ferskvann - tusener av år med fjellfiske i Tesse.
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Damlien, Hege; Mjærum, Axel & Rosenvinge, Carine Sofie
(2023).
Før Nesodden ble til. Livet i det indre av Oslofjorden i ledre steinalder.
Sopelimen.
2023,
s. 7–17.
Vis sammendrag
6000 f.Kr. sto havet ca. 60 meter høyere enn i dag i det indre av Oslofjorden. På denne tiden skar Havsjødalensundet over foten av Nesoddlandet, og skapte den store «Nesøya». Nesodden var altså ennå ikke skapt. Rundt øya var det tidevannsstrømmer og et rikt naturmiljø – optimale forhold for datidens jegere, fiskere og sankere.
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Mjærum, Axel & Rosenvinge, Carine Sofie
(2023).
Gammelt nytt. Om den eldste steinalderen i indre Oslofjord.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2022).
Sagn og fremgravd "virkelighet" om Vonde-Sveinung og den ihjelslagne dvergen Fegge.
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Mansrud, Anja; Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik
(2022).
Catch and release? Cultivating trout in Mesolithic South-Eastern Norway .
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Catch and release? Cultivating trout in Mesolithic South-Eastern Norway
South Norway is one of the few regions in Europe where postglacial coastlines are not submerged, and where maritime subsistence and settlement patterns are documented throughout Mesolithic period (c. 9300–4000 cal. BC), evidenced by numerous coastal settlement sites with fishbones, fishhooks, sinkers, harpoons leisters and other fishing implements. Although fish-imagery occasionally occur on rock art panels, pointing to the symbolic and social importance of fishing, fish is commonly considered just an economic resource and has gained little attention beyond its economic importance as a staple food. This contribution addresses the socio-environmental aspects of freshwater fishing, suggesting that living trout (Salmo trutta) or eggs were transferred from creeks to empty glacier lakes in the mountains by humans during the Late Mesolithic (c. 6500–4000 cal. BC). Framing human-trout engagement in multispecies and etiological perspectives, we argue that Mesolithic foragers were actively cultivating relations with this colourful and biologically flexible species of fish.
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Sand-Eriksen, Anette & Mjærum, Axel
(2022).
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age agricultural developments in the Oslo Fjord area, Norway.
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Like in most other parts of northwest Europe the transition to the Late Neolithic (c.2350 BC) was a time with large-scale cultural and economic changes in the Oslo Fjord area. A significant part of this watershed was the final breakthrough of farming. Over the last decades, scholars have strongly argued that these changes were initiated by a northward migration of agro-pastoral people.
For long it has been a lack of data from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age farming societies in the Oslo Fjord area, and therefore also an absence of detailed information that can be used to study the outcome of the Late Neolithic transition in the region. However, recent archaeological excavations have provided data that bring nuances to the developments in the early farming communities. As we will argue, this could point towards a more complex development trajectory than hitherto stated.
Drawing from cases studies and aggregated data from the region, our aim is to provide a better understanding of the agricultural developments in the aftermath of the Late Neolithic revolution. With two newly excavated complex settlements at Løveskogen and Opstad as vantage points, as well as by implementing the historical process prior to the Late Neolithic transition, we seek to demonstrate how farming societies gradually and in (balanced?) steps adapted to their new environment in the Oslo Fjord region.
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Mjærum, Axel Johan
(2022).
Developments in the Concept of Resource Management in the Archaeology of Southern Norway.
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Archaeologists at the beginning of the 20th century considered the Mesolithic period in the southern part of Norway as “raw”; originating in the most primitive of all civilizations. Based in new empirical and theoretical perspectives, this view has been modified and challenged during later research. Considering the comprehensive archaeological record, it is now commonly argued for the existence of semi-sedimentary complex hunter-fisher-gatherer societies as far back as the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8000 BCE). It is also believed that the Mesolithic inhabitants of Southern Norway were, to some extent, capable and willing to control and regulate their ambient ecosystems. The changing perspectives on past resource management capture the quintessence of archaeologists’ views on Mesolithic societies and how they look at the dichotomy between the “Mesolithic” and the “Neolithic”. This paper presents an overview of the last 150 years of research on foragers’ ability to actively intervene, transform, and cul tivate flora and fauna in Southern Norway, and recapitulates overall trends in the perspectives on the early past. Besides offering this general review of existing data on the topic of resource management, this paper will present a summary of previous positions and arguments concerning early management of nature and place them in the prop er research context. Finally, these previous studies will be used to point out questions for further research.
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Mjærum, Axel Johan; Boethius, Adam; Groß, Daniel; Živaljević, Ivana & Mansrud, Anja
(2022).
Session #109: Animal and Plant Management in Prehistoric Hunter-Fisher-Gatherer Communities .
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he aim of this session is to challenge the conceptual dichotomy between the “Mesolithic” and “Neolithic”, by focusing on animal and plant management in prehistoric hunter-fisher-gatherer communities. The shift from foraging to farming and animal husbandry is often narrated as a turning point where humanity’s relationship with the environment was profoundly altered. Resource management is fundamental to concept of the Neolithic and further linked to aspects such as storage, surplus accumulation, and social complexity. Recent findings however show that human involvement with the environment was biologically, socially and economically complex long before the transition to agriculture. Multiple archaeological records point towards the existence of various resource management practices among hunter-fisher-gatherers long before, and independent of, the Neolithization process. Rather than being just “ecologically adapted” Mesolithic foragers actively engaged with, intervened, transformed, and cultivated the flora and fauna in their local landscapes. Examples include introducing novel plants to their environments, transferring fish fry between rivers and lakes, altering habitats attract grazing animals by burning and weeding, and constructing permanent trapping systems for various fish species and deer species. We invite papers addressing this topic independent of geographical scope and spatial scale. Contributions may focus on specific methods, models, case studies or theoretical frameworks such as niche construction theory and multispecies archaeology.
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Schülke, Almut & Mjærum, Axel
(2022).
Steinaldervandring på Ekeberg.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2022).
Nytt om langhus og bønder i Løveskogen og Huseby hage.
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Mjærum, Axel & Schülke, Almut
(2021).
Kulturvandring gjennom Oslos steinalderlandskap.
Vis sammendrag
Visste du at det nåværende Oslo sentrum lå under havflaten og at Maridalsvannet og Sognsvann en gang var fjordarmer med sel og torsk? Steinalderens kystboplasser ligger nå høyt over havet – inne skogen og midt i byen. Bli med arkeologene på en vandring for å utforske steinalderens kystlandskap og menneskene som oppholdt seg der.
I Ekebergåsen er det mange spor etter steinalderens kystboplasser, og her ligger til og med noen av Østlandets eldste helleristninger. Disse funnstedene illustrerer godt de enorme landskapsendringene siden slutten av istiden.
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Mjærum, Axel & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen
(2021).
Løten – møtet mellom frodige Hedmarken og skogens rike. Fortidsfunn i forbindelse med utbyggingen av riksvei 3/25.
Lautin. Lokalhistorisk årbok for Løten..
ISSN 0333-0893.
47,
s. 7–20.
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Schülke, Almut; Berg-Hansen, Inger Marie; Mjærum, Axel Johan; Solheim, Steinar; Roalkvam, Isak & Damlien, Hege
(2021).
Forskergruppe PrehCOAST - Status og veien videre.
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Schülke, Almut; Berg-Hansen, Inger Marie; Mjærum, Axel & Roalkvam, Isak
(2020).
Forskergruppe PrehCOAST: Formål, planer, resultater
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Schülke, Almut; Solheim, Steinar; Roalkvam, Isak; Mjærum, Axel & Berg-Hansen, Inger Marie
(2020).
New Perspectives on Old Shores: Current approaches on the Stone Age in Eastern Norway.
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The coastal and inland areas landscapes of southeastern Norway offered resource rich environments for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to settle in. This human activity has left an extensive dataset for archaeologist to study settlement and activity from the seashores to the high mountain areas.
In recent years, there has been a development in archaeological analysis of human activity in the region applying the large amount of data generated by recent archaeological excavations and surveys in novel ways, especially in the regions former coastal areas.
The use of archaeological big-data, such as radiocarbon dates and surveyed sites, has given new insights to past population dynamics, and coupled with environmental data this has offered us possible explanations to variation in settlement patterns. Further, detailed analysis of lithic technology have provided insight into raw material procurement, movement of people and shifting social networks. Moreover, the identification of some hinterland sites opens up for a better understanding of the importance and use of the coastal hinterland.
In this paper, we will look closer at the recent development in archaeological research on coastal societies in southeastern Norway. We will present cur-rent perspectives as well as which future avenues we will explore in order to increase our knowledge on hunter-gatherers settlement, mobility and economy in coastal areas.
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Berg-Hansen, Inger Marie; Mjærum, Axel; Roalkvam, Isak; Solheim, Steinar & Schülke, Almut
(2020).
Coast-concepts in Norwegian Stone Age Archaeology.
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The coast plays a major role in Norwegian Stone Age archaeology. Hundreds of sites from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods were situated close to or directly at the shorelines. They witness of the economic, social and ritual importance of the coastal zone. However, the “normality” of coastal sites seems to have prevented further reflections about the concepts that have been applied to study coastal sites and the relevance of the coast in the Stone Age.
Our talk will identify concepts and epistemological perspectives of how archaeologists have dealt with coastal issues in Stone Age archaeology in a research historic perspective – from early geoarchaeological studies focus-sing on land uplift and coastal sites (“the beach model”), via more processually oriented division of landscape spaces and their environmental characteristics. We will also discuss the sites’ economic functions, based on more recent, ethnoarchaeologically influenced, perspectives on taskscapes, movement in and experience of the coastal zone.
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Schülke, Almut & Mjærum, Axel
(2020).
Kulturvandring gjennom Oslos steinalderlandskap.
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Bli med på en vandring gjennom et Oslo som ikke eksisterer lenger, og bli kjent med steinaldersporene rundt oss.
Visste du at det nåværende Oslo sentrum lå under havflaten for 2000 år siden og at Maridalsvannet og Sognsvann en gang var fjordarmer med sel og torsk? Steinalderens kystboplasser ligger nå høyt over havet – inne skogen og midt i byen. Bli med arkeologene på en vandring for å utforske steinalderens kystlandskap og menneskene som oppholdt seg der.
I Ekebergåsen er det mange spor etter steinalderens kystboplasser, og her ligger til og med noen av Østlandets eldste helleristninger. Disse funnstedene illustrerer godt de enorme landskapsendringene siden slutten av istiden.
På vandringen forteller arkeologene Axel Mjærum og Almut Schülke hvordan mennesket tilpasset seg en kyst i kontinuerlig endring gjennom tiden, hvordan vi kan utforske dette arkeologisk og å vise noen av sporene av steinalderen som finnes i dagens landskap. Turen går rundt i Ekebergpark-området, på tilrettelagte stier, men med stigninger, og stopper ved relevante steder. God fottøy og klær etter vær anbefales.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2020).
Accommodate or relocate. Adaption strategies to shore level displacement in eastern Norway during the Mesolithic.
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Present-day global warming has great consequences, both for individuals and on a larger scale. However, environmental changes also affected people's everyday life in the past. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how Early Holocene populations coped with landscapes in transformation.
In the Oslofjord area the shorelines moved from approximately 200 to 40 above present day sea level during the Mesolithic (c.9300–3900 cal BC), and shore line displacements and landscape changes were thereby also a key factor for the population that lived in the regions archipelago landscape. Based on analysis of 535 critically selected Stone Age sites and excavation results from the centrally positioned residential area Havsjødalen in Norway, the author discuss four common adaption strategies to a changing sea level, both for single sites and regionally; to accommodate, relocate, protect, or not respond to the changing environment.
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Mjærum, Axel & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen
(2020).
Forord.
I Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Mjærum, Axel (Red.),
Ingen vei utenom. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med etablering av ny rv. 3/25 i Løten og Elverum kommuner, Innlandet.
Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
ISSN 9788202632229.
s. 5–5.
doi:
https:/doi.org/10.23865/noasp.97.
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I 2015 gjennomføre Kulturhistorisk museum utgravninger i Løten og Elverum kommuner, region Innlandet. Bakgrunnen var Statens vegvesens planer om å bygge ut riksveiene 3 og 25 for å skape en bedre veiforbindelse mellom skogene i Østerdalen og jordbruksbygdene på Hedmarken.
Hele 79 kulturminneområder fra yngre steinalder til middelalder ble gravd ut, blant annet gravminner på det store Skillingstadgravfeltet, jernvinneovner, fangstanlegg, kullgroper, kokegropsfelt og gamle åkre. I tillegg presenteres utgravningsresultater fra tilgrensende områder, deriblant en smie fra Ringsaker og et smeddepot fra Elverum. I denne boken gjøres det rede for de viktigste faglige resultatene, samtidig som resultatene settes inn i en bred, kulturhistorisk sammenheng.
Gjennom utgravningene og etterarbeidet er det generert ny og sentral kunnskap som belyser forhistorien i Sørøst-Norge, men som også har relevans langt utenfor regionens grenser. Prosjektet har blant annet gitt en unik mulighet til å belyse hvordan gårdsbebyggelsen og utmarksbruken var knyttet tett sammen i jernalderen. Samtidig har prosjektarbeidet synliggjort Løtens og Elverums strategiske beliggenhet for ferdselen mellom Østerdalen og Hedmarken – det var ingen vei utenom.
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Mjærum, Axel; Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin
(2020).
Forvaltningsprosjektet rv. 3/25.
I Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Mjærum, Axel (Red.),
Ingen vei utenom. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med etablering av ny rv. 3/25 i Løten og Elverum kommuner, Innlandet.
Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
ISSN 9788202632229.
s. 351–354.
doi:
https:/doi.org/10.23865/noasp.97.
Vis sammendrag
I 2015 gjennomføre Kulturhistorisk museum utgravninger i Løten og Elverum kommuner, region Innlandet. Bakgrunnen var Statens vegvesens planer om å bygge ut riksveiene 3 og 25 for å skape en bedre veiforbindelse mellom skogene i Østerdalen og jordbruksbygdene på Hedmarken.
Hele 79 kulturminneområder fra yngre steinalder til middelalder ble gravd ut, blant annet gravminner på det store Skillingstadgravfeltet, jernvinneovner, fangstanlegg, kullgroper, kokegropsfelt og gamle åkre. I tillegg presenteres utgravningsresultater fra tilgrensende områder, deriblant en smie fra Ringsaker og et smeddepot fra Elverum. I denne boken gjøres det rede for de viktigste faglige resultatene, samtidig som resultatene settes inn i en bred, kulturhistorisk sammenheng.
Gjennom utgravningene og etterarbeidet er det generert ny og sentral kunnskap som belyser forhistorien i Sørøst-Norge, men som også har relevans langt utenfor regionens grenser. Prosjektet har blant annet gitt en unik mulighet til å belyse hvordan gårdsbebyggelsen og utmarksbruken var knyttet tett sammen i jernalderen. Samtidig har prosjektarbeidet synliggjort Løtens og Elverums strategiske beliggenhet for ferdselen mellom Østerdalen og Hedmarken – det var ingen vei utenom.
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Mjærum, Axel; Friis, Ellen Kathrine & Skogstrand, Lisbeth
(2020).
Noen pessimistiske tanker om tilstanden til kulturminnene i regulerte vann.
I Skogstrand, Lisbeth (Red.),
Arkeologiske undersøkelser i vassdrag. Faglig program for Midt- og Nord-Norge.
Riksantikvaren.
ISSN 978-82-7574052-4.
s. 197–205.
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Mjærum, Axel; Friis, Ellen Kathrine; Martens, Vibeke Vandrup & Skogstrand, Lisbeth
(2020).
Erosjon i vannkraftmagasinene - et frislipp av naturkreftene.
I Skogstrand, Lisbeth (Red.),
Arkeologiske undersøkelser i vassdrag. Faglig program for Midt- og Nord-Norge.
Riksantikvaren.
ISSN 978-82-7574052-4.
s. 194–195.
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Mjærum, Axel; Mansrud, Anja & Wammer, Elling Utvik
(2019).
The fish farmers of the Stone Age. The introduction of brown trout (Salmo trutta) into south Norwegian mountain lakes.
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This paper address two main research questions, when did humans introduce fish to the mountain areas in southern Norway and how could we understand this way of domesticating the landscape. The background of topics is that the mountains in Southern Norway became free of ice during the Preboreal climate phase, and that a landscape with large fish-free lakes and rivers emerged. Physical obstructions like waterfalls however prevented fish to establish themselves naturally in the mountain lakes. The oldest written source of fish introduction in the lakes of the region are a runic inscription from the 11 th century AD. The archaeological record of trout bones and fishing gear, as well as Late Mesolithic (6350-3900 cal. BC) and Neolithic (3900-1700 cal. BC) settlement patterns, however indicate a practice that reach far further back in time. A more robust date can probably been gained by analysing sedimentary aDNA from lake cores, and we will presents our first experience of using this method to obtain more precise dates. Despite the uncertainties of the exact date, we conclude that the population in eastern Norway have had the knowledge, skills and motivation to transport trout to the upper part of the large watercourses for a long time, and thereby to "cultivate" the mountain waters that hitherto had been without fish. Rather than a passive adaptation to the constraints of the environment, people then actively intervened, transformed and affected their landscape, and by doing so, they introduced a new key resource to the mountain zone. In this paper, we therefore argue that the transport and maintenance of trout in the mountain areas can be considered as resource management, even as a type of low-scale food production, which predated much of the farming and husbandry in the region.
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Mjærum, Axel Johan & Solheim, Steinar
(2019).
Feltkurs som læringsform. 50 år med arkeologisk feltutdanning ved Universitetet i Oslo.
Primitive tider.
ISSN 1501-0430.
21,
s. 121–141.
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The archaeological field course is the forum where many archaeology students meet and take part in an archaeological excavation for the first time. To excavate and generate scientific data through excavations is at the core of the archaeological discipline. For that reason, introducing students for theoretical and practical knowledge about field archaeology have been a central part of the discipline for the last 150 years at Norwegian universities. In this paper, we look closer at how the field course has developed at the University of Oslo during the last half century. Based on a compiled overview of field courses, we discuss how the field course has developed and changed over time in relation to the development in the discipline and higher education at large. A central question is whether the field course succeed in giving the students skills to perform an excavation and document the process. A main find is that collegial knowledge transfer run as a thread through the disciplines’ history as the most important way of training new archaeologists.
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Schure, Anna Theresia Maria ter; Mjærum, Axel; Wammer, Elling Utvik & Boessenkool, Sanne
(2019).
Reconstructing the introduction of Salmo trutta to mountain lake ecosystems by sedimentary aDNA metabarcoding.
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Schülke, Almut; Berg-Hansen, Inger Marie; Mjærum, Axel & Solheim, Steinar
(2019).
The Coast and Coastal Societies - Concepts and Terminology. Southeastern Norway.
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Mjærum, Axel; Lønaas, Ole Christian; Viken, Synnøve & Reitan, Gaute
(2018).
Prosjektplan og faglige problemstillinger for E18 Tvedestrand-Arendal-prosjektet.
I Reitan, Gaute & Sundström, Lars (Red.),
Kystens steinalder i Aust-Agder. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny E18 Tvedestrand-Arendal.
.
Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
ISSN 9788202566289.
s. 31–32.
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I forkant av byggingen av ny E18 mellom Tvedestrand og Arendal i Aust-Agder gjennomførte Kulturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo, omfattende arkeologiske utgravninger i årene 2014 til 2016. Innenfor den 23 km lange traséen ble til sammen 34 lokaliteter fra steinalderen undersøkt. I tid spenner lokalitetene fra ca. 9000 f.Kr. til 1700 f.Kr. og dekker med det nesten hele steinalderen fra tidligmesolitikum til og med seinneolitikum. I tillegg ble en lokalitet med gravhauger og hulveier fra jernalderen undersøkt. Resultatene fra undersøkelsene presenteres i denne publikasjonen.
Resultatene fra E18 Tvedestrand-Arendal-prosjektet bidrar med ny og viktig kunnskap om steinalderen langs kysten i Aust-Agder, et område hvor steinalderen fram til nå har vært lite undersøkt. I tillegg til å øke kunnskapen om steinalderen i Aust-Agders kystlandskap har dette nylig framgravde, arkeologiske kildematerialet også et stort vitenskapelig potensial i overregionale og internasjonale sammenhenger.
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Martinsen, Julian Robert Post; Mjærum, Axel; Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Gundersen, Ingar Mørkestøl
(2018).
Arkeologi mellom Hedemarken og Østerdalen. Utgravninger knyttet til bygging av ny rv. 3/25.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2018).
Fra brønn til metalverksted. Resultater fra utgravning på handelsplassen Kaupang i 2015 .
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Mjærum, Axel
(2018).
A matter of perspective. Responses to landscape changes in the Oslo Fjord area during the Mesolithic
.
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Content
Deglaciation, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and oceanic shifts during the Early and Mid-Holocene had a major impact on human life. Within the last decade, several studies have made important new insights into how strongly these natural forces affected human life on a large scale. The degree of environmental influence at a micro-level of individuals, households and groups, however, has been studied to a lesser extent.
A large Post-glacial rebound at the Oslo fjord in Norway resulted in the appearance and disappearance of small islands and inlets during the Early and Mid-Holocene. On a micro level, this occasionally caused dramatic changes in the availability of resources. The large settlements by the strait of Havsjødalen were positioned by a tidal current c. 5000 BC. Around 200 years later, this environmental hotspot disappeared due to land rising.
This paper examines the relation between humans and their environment through a micro-perspective, emphasizing the impact of environmental upheavals on household and groups in everyday life of the Mesolithic at Havsjødalen. These results are further compared with a macro-perspective based upon collected data from c. 500 Mesolithic sites at the interior of the Oslo Fjord. By applying a dualistic approach, my objective is to achieve a thick description of the impact of changing landscapes in the past. This enables a better understanding of how these landscapes affected human society and in what way this became embodied by the material culture of the Mesolithic people in the Oslo fjord.
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Eymundsson, Carine S.R.; Fossum, Guro; Koxvold, Lucia Uchermann; Mansrud, Anja & Mjærum, Axel
(2017).
Axes in transformation: a bifocal view of axe technology in the Oslo Fjord area, Norway, c. 9200–6000 cal BC.
I Glørstad, Håkon; Knutsson, Kjel Sten Åke; Knutsson, Helena & Apel, Jan (Red.),
The Technology of Early Settlement in Northern Europe
Transmission of Knowledge and Culture (Volume 2).
Equinox Publishing.
ISSN 978-178-17951-6-3.
s. 201–229.
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The first Mesolithic core axes were produced in South Eastern Norway c. 9000 BC. The raw material was flint, and morphologically the axes had a bifacial shape which closely resembles axes from other parts of Northern Europe. 3000 years later core axes were still produced, but they were made of locally available non-flint raw material. Nøstvet axes from the 6th millennium BC were produced with a very different three-sided production strategy. The article discuss the numerous transitions and variations in morphology, technology and raw material of Mesolithic core axes from South Eastern Norway, in the period between c. 9000 – c. 6000 cal. BC. This is based on finds of axes and debitage from axe production at sites in the Oslofjord area. The article also links changes in technology to changes in society, from a highly mobile pioneer culture to a situation with increased sedentism and regionalization.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2017).
Skogen innenfor. Bak kyststripen for 9000 år siden.
[Internett].
Norark.no.
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For mer enn 9000 år siden ble det reist tre hytter i skogen ved Momarken i Eidsberg, Østfold. Valget av byggetomt var uvanlig og vekker undring. Hva gjorde steinaldermenneskene i storskogen, 1,2 km fra nærmeste fjordarm, nesten 100 meter over havet og i god avstand til elver og innsjøer?
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Mjærum, Axel
(2017).
Fiskets betydning i forhistorien
– Grunnlag og sannsynlighet for fiskevær i steinalderen.
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Mjærum, Axel & Eymundsson, Carine S.R.
(2017).
Isfjell i Oslofjorden - Pionerbosetninger i steinalderen.
[Radio].
NRK, P2.
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På Klemetsrud helt sør i Oslo stakk noen øyer opp av den iskalde Oslofjorden 9300 år før vår tidsregning. I dag er det et fint turterreng med skog, tjern og åser. For elleve tusen år siden sto havet 194 høyere enn i dag og landskapet hadde en sparsommelig høyfjellsflora. - Men her var det rikt fiske, de første pionerene jaktet rein og fjellrev på land og fanget sel og fisk i havkanten, sier arkeolog Axel Mjærum fra Kulturhistorisk Museum. Hvor kom de fra? Og hvorfor kom de? Hvor skulle de når de reiste videre ? Bare ved å studere det store funnmaterialet av pilspisser, flekker og flintavslag kan stipendiat i arkeologi ved Universitetet i Oslo si mye om akkurat det. - Omtrent ved Skedsmokorset lå iskanten til den enorme isbreen som dekket hele Norge og store deler av Sverige og Finland. Så de som fant sine fangstboplasser ved Elgsrud hadde kommet sørfra. Kanskje fra områdene i Sønderjylland eller ved dagens Hamburg. Det er det mulig å se på den teknikken de brukte for å lage økser, sier Eymundsson. - På en av boplassene her må det ha vært en familiegruppe med to små barn. Kanskje en treåring og en litt eldre søster eller bror. Det ser vi på flintavslagene og restene etter økseproduksjonen. Den ene var ganske god, den andre ganske ubehjelpelig og ennå ikke i stand til å mestre teknikken. Og så har det vært noen som var virkelig gode. Jeg ser for meg en mamma med to barn som lager redskaper, sier Eymundsson. Programleder Øyvind Arntsen - Vi må heller ikke glemme at dette var en tid med enorme klimaendringer. Isen trakk seg tilbake med hele 200 meter pr år og landet steg med 10 cm hvert år. Det betyr at det store, synlige endringer i landskapet fra sesong til sesong. Får oss til å tenke litt på hvordan det kan bli ved fremtidige miljøkatastrofer, sier Mjærum.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2017).
Havsjødalen i Frogn. Et møtepunkt i steinalderen.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2016).
Stone Age fishing in Southeastern Norway.
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Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik
(2016).
Fjellfiske i dag og i fortiden.
I Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik (Red.),
Fjellfiske i fortiden. Årtusener med svømmende rikdom.
Portal forlag.
ISSN 9788283140781.
s. 11–13.
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Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik
(2016).
Forord.
I Mjærum, Axel & Wammer, Elling Utvik (Red.),
Fjellfiske i fortiden. Årtusener med svømmende rikdom.
Portal forlag.
ISSN 9788283140781.
s. 9–9.
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Mjærum, Axel & Eymundsson, Carine S.R.
(2015).
Noen små stykker av norgeshistorien –Spor etter de første som krysset Oslofjorden.
[Internett].
http://norark.no.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Fortidens fjellfiske - Nytt om fiske i den sørnorske fjellheimen fra steinalder til middelalder.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Fortidens fjellfiske.
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Mjærum, Axel & Eymundsson, Carine S.R.
(2015).
Steinalderen i Havsjødalen. Presentasjon av ny, fremgravd kunnskap om nøstvetfasen.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Hunting moose at the foot of the mountains – 8500 years of hunting at Pålsbufjorden in southern Norway.
Vis sammendrag
Parallel with a massive deglaciation in the Early Mesolithic of Norway, the open landscape
with an ice age fauna was replaced by forest and less cold-tolerant species. Moose (Alces
alces) soon established routs of seasonal migration, and from early on strategic places along
these paths became important hunting grounds. The western side of the lake Pålsbufjorden
(ca. 740 masl) forms a bottleneck through which a moose migration route runs. A high
number of moose passes this bottleneck formation every spring and autumn. Excavation
of 24 Stone Age sites, combined with surface surveys, has resulted in the recovery of large
quantities of charred bone, lithic artefacts, a house pit and hearths. This gives a detailed
insight into the past hunting activity.
Artefacts and 14C analysis of bones dates the beginning of this hunting tradition to the
Middle Mesolithic (ca. 6500 cal. BC). In addition, sites from Late Mesolithic and younger
periods have been studied. This paper will discuss the beginning and developments in this
extremely long-lasting hunting tradition, within a local and regional perspective.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Mountain fishing in the past -Archaeological investigations at lake Tesse in Southern Norway.
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The lake Tesse is mentioned in one of the most important Norwegian Medieval texts about mountain fishing, and the lake is
known for its unique material of fishing gear from the Viking and Medieval period. It is also well known as a good fishing lake
for trout. During excavations in 2013 and 2014 archaeologists have succeeded in gaining additional knowledge of fishing
methods and how fishing was organized at Tesse, from the earliest utilization in the Stone Age until the 16th century AD.
The presentation will focus on results gained from the Stone Age part of this excavation, and use these as a vantage point for
a broader discussion of Stone Age fisheries in the south Norwegian mountains.
The Tesse excavation is a project of dam archaeology and part of a national system which investigate regulated rivers and
lakes in Norway. This is one of four submitted abstracts related to dam archaeology in Southern Norway.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
De første fiskerne – fjell, fiske og samfunn i steinalderen.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Museeum. Fortidens fiske.
[Radio].
NRK, P2.
Vis sammendrag
I fjellvannet Tesse i Lom kommune i Oppland, er det funnet flere titalls usedvanlig flotte garnsøkker i biologisk materiale. De eldste er datert helt tilbake til år 700-. Funnene bidrar til å opplyse om fortiden fiske i våre fjellvann. «For oss arkeologer er disse funnene helt unike. Vi gjør sjelden funn i høyfjellet som har med fiske å gjøre, sier arkeolog Axel Mjærum ved Kulturhistorisk Museum. Han og tre kolleger har i flere år nå arbeidet med fjellvannet Tesse. Det er gjort utgravninger av steinalderboplasser. Disse ligger ved de beste fiskeplassene i vannet og kan sannsynliggjøre at fiske også var viktig for mennesker i yngre steinalder, altså for 3000-4000 år siden. Under seminaret «Fjellfiske i fortiden» på Norsk Fjellmuseum på Lom, ble fjellfiske belyst fra mange synsvinkler. Genetiker Jan Heggenes kunne fortelle at ørreten i norske fjellvann opprinnelig komer fra elver i Sør-Frankrike – ifølge DNA-analyser. Ferskvannsbiolog Trygve Hesthagen slår fast at fisken ikke har svømt til fjells, nei den er båret opp. Og det begynte de trolig med allerede i steinalderen. Osteolog Anne Karin Hufthammer forteller at bein etter laksefisker er sprøde og derfor brytes raskt ned. Det forklarer hvorfor det er gjort relativt få funn av fiskebein ved arkeologiske utgravinger. Foredragene under seminaret skal redigeres og utgis som bok i løpet av ett års tid.
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Mjærum, Axel
(2015).
Fortidens fiske i innsjøen Tesse.
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Mjærum, Axel & Sundström, Lars
(2015).
En rapport fra pågående steinalderutgravninger på Sørlandet –resultater og jobbmuligheter.
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Mjærum, Axel & Larsen, Jan Henning
(2014).
Jernvinna i Setesdal – selvforsyning og storindustri,
Spor i setesdalsjord.
Bokbyen forlag.
ISSN 9788283160116.
s. 101–119.
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